DANIEL ASSA
Israel. Givatayim, 90 Shenkin St. 5330801
Email: AssaDany@Gmail.com Blog: DanielAssa.com Cell. 972-52-6553999
Israel. Givatayim: September 15, 2023
The Universe: Chapter 2 – Space (part b)
Expansion of the Universe
A distinction must be made between the expansion of Space-Time, which is actually the expansion of Space-Bodies in Primordial-Void, and the distancing galaxies from each other, since the distancing of galaxies is due to both the expansion of Space-Time and movement within Space-Time originating from inertial motion Energy that has been kept in galaxies since their creation and with the addition of the effects of gravitational rejection forces operating in Space-Time. The expansion of Space-Time is also a constant change in the scale of the Universe, since in addition to moving away from the center of the Big Bang, there is also an increase in distances between the Space-Bodies themselves, which are reference points for measuring distances. The general direction of the movement of Space itself is outward from the center of the Big Bang. Therefore, geometrically it creates an imaginal movement of mutual distancing. Assuming that the starting point of the Big Bang can be set as a reference point, or the cosmic background radiation can be viewed as a reference field, the relative speed of expansion of Space-Time with galaxies is not necessarily the same as the speed of expansion of galaxies in Space-Time.
Finality of the Universe
An interesting question that concerns astrophysicists is: Is the Universe finite or infinite?
To answer this question, we must first define the Universe itself. I think the Universe is where you can find Space-Time, Matter, Dark Matter and Dark Energy. The definition intentionally excludes the Primordial-Void into which the Big Bang event erupted. The answer accepted today by many astrophysicists to the question of the finality of the Universe is that Space-Time resembles the surface area of a sphere, that is, limited in dimensions but without defined boundaries and therefore can be seen as infinite. In my opinion, there are several good reasons to assume that the Universe is indeed finite in size. I will list some of them:
- The proven expansion of the Universe means that it has a size limitation. A Universe of infinite size cannot expand because it has nowhere to go. The act of expansion of the Universe, if it is limitless, would be meaningless, as it contradicts the concept of infinity that we use to describe its magnitude. (A brief mathematical reminder: infinity is not a mathematical number by which any size can be described, but is a concept that describes the absence of limits or dimensions that can be defined or quantified). Mathematically, the absurd interpretation of the hypothesis about the Universe being infinite is that the expansion of Space-Time (i.e., its enlargement) adds nothing to the size of the Universe.
- The quantities of all kinds of Matter, including the Space-Bodies that erupted in the Big Bang, were finite. The distances between particles in the Universe are limited and defined (although as a result of the expansion of the Universe, these distances are constantly changing, and consequently the size of the Universe is also changing). It is therefore unreasonable to assume that the magnitude of the Universe containing these components is not finite and limited in size.
- In my opinion, the Universe has a spherical structure. There is no good reason to assume that the explosion of any components into Primordial-Void created only a shell without internal Space. It is quite reasonable to assume that the interior Space of the Universe is already empty of material content, as a result of Inertial Motion Energy that causes all kinds of Matter to move away from the place of the Big Bang event. Such an action indeed creates a kind of material shell without Matter in its center and causes the illusion of the formation of only a shell in the first place.
- The sphere of the Universe is so large that its Space-Time curvature seems to be so flat that it resembles a flat as the surface of a sphere rather than as it really is, the material content of the sphere of Space-Time.
Discontinuity of the Universe
The discontinuity of the Universe is originated from the fact that it is made entirely of discrete components of minimal size or multiples. The main reason for preferring the hypothesis that the Universe is continuous over the hypothesis of being discrete is historical, and originated from the extremely limited ability of the senses and instruments to separate what is measured as continuous into its elementary and discrete components. The measured components appear to be continuous due to the limited scale that the senses and instruments can handle. History is full of dominant theories that later turned out to be wrong. Therefore, the fact that the theory of continuity prevails today does not constitute proof of its correctness.
Another reason is the illusion of continuity that comes from our biological ability. For example, eyesight – our eye catches discrete images and it is the brain that translates them into a sequence of movement. the entire film and television industry is based on this.
Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, which deals with the large scale of the Universe, embodies in it a Space-Time continuum hypothesis. When the tiniest dimensions of the Universe are reached, it is replaced by Quantum Mechanics, where discontinuity dominates. Sizes and dimensions, when very small, are measured in this theory in multiples of an elementary number in nature – Planck's constant. In my opinion, formulating General Theory of Relativity using discontinuity mathematics will greatly help bridge the two important scientific theories, a goal that has not yet been achieved.
The Space-Time discontinuity hypothesis solves, on the one hand, paradoxes created by the hypothesis of its continuity, and on the other hand does not create new problems. For example, the discontinuity feature of Space-Time explains the Achilles and Turtle paradox. The paradox claims that the mythical Achilles, the fastest of humans, will never be able to achieve a turtle that started a race a little before him, because Achilles will always have to pass half the distance and half the time between him and the tortoise, in a repetitive and endless process. The fact that Space-Time is discrete causes the Space between Achilles and the tortoise to be finite, thus allowing Achilles to obtain the tortoise.
The discontinuity of Space-Time does not contradict the theory of relativity, whose formulas hide a continuum hypothesis. This is because the velocity of Matter between Space-Bodies is at an immediate speed, and gives a sense of continuity. It is this feeling that causes, for the purposes of mathematical formulation of the Universe (as general relativity does) it is permissible to assume that the Universe is continuous. But discrete and discontinuity are essential for determining that the Universe is finite in size and amount of Energy and of Matter. On a side note, I would like to add that the great mathematician Bernhard Riemann, whose scientific work formed the basis of Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, thought that "it is possible that the Universe in which we live, when viewed in full, is very different from three-dimensional Euclidean Space. It's even possible that if we use stronger and stronger magnification and look at the smallest things, it won't look like a sheet, but will be discrete, or something else entirely."
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